Breast Augmentation
Patients undergo this procedure to correct congenital issues such as breast asymmetry, chest wall deformities, gender reassignment, or primarily to improve aesthetics. Implants in a standard breast augmentation can be placed via a submammary approach (incision in the fold under the breast), areolar approach (outer edge of the areola), or axillary approach. Specific complications, besides pain, can include rippling (visible folds or undulations on the skin) and symmastia (loss of the natural cleavage line between the breasts).
Mastopexy
This surgical procedure lifts and reshapes “sagging breasts” caused mainly by gravity, breastfeeding, or weight loss. The scar typically starts around the areola, extends vertically downward, and ends in the submammary fold. If excess skin is significant, the scar may continue along the entire submammary area.
Breast Reduction
Breast reduction is performed for excessively large breasts, which can cause back, shoulder, and neck pain, as well as skin problems (dermatitis) in submammary folds and the cleavage area. It is therefore a physical, aesthetic, and psychological issue, especially during adolescence. This surgery uses incisions similar to mastopexy, in an inverted T pattern, circling the nipple-areola area, with a vertical incision extending to the submammary fold. Women undergoing this procedure often have a pronounced thoracic kyphosis, which can worsen with age, and all experience back and shoulder discomfort. In cases of gigantomastia, the weight of each breast is measured in kilograms, not grams, and develops almost fully during growth.
Breast Reconstruction
This procedure is performed for women who have undergone mastectomy due to neoplastic processes. Reconstruction can be immediate or delayed by months or years. Techniques differ entirely, but results are excellent, restoring a natural appearance and breast symmetry, helping patients regain confidence and a sense of normalcy.